------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- The Agda standard library
--
-- Solver for equations in commutative monoids
--
-- Adapted from Algebra.Solver.Monoid
------------------------------------------------------------------------

{-# OPTIONS --cubical-compatible --safe #-}

open import Algebra

module Algebra.Solver.CommutativeMonoid {m₁ m₂} (M : CommutativeMonoid m₁ m₂) where

open import Data.Fin.Base using (Fin; zero; suc)
open import Data.Maybe.Base as Maybe
  using (Maybe; From-just; from-just)
open import Data.Nat as ℕ using (ℕ; zero; suc; _+_)
open import Data.Nat.GeneralisedArithmetic using (fold)
open import Data.Product.Base using (_×_; uncurry)
open import Data.Vec.Base using (Vec; []; _∷_; lookup; replicate)

open import Function.Base using (_∘_)

import Relation.Binary.Reasoning.Setoid as ≈-Reasoning
import Relation.Binary.Reflection as Reflection
import Relation.Nullary.Decidable as Dec
import Data.Vec.Relation.Binary.Pointwise.Inductive as Pointwise

open import Relation.Binary.Consequences using (dec⇒weaklyDec)
open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality.Core as ≡ using (_≡_)
open import Relation.Nullary.Decidable as Dec using (Dec)

open CommutativeMonoid M
open ≈-Reasoning setoid

private
  variable
    n : ℕ

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Monoid expressions

-- There is one constructor for every operation, plus one for
-- variables; there may be at most n variables.

infixr  _⊕_
infixr  _•_

data Expr (n : ℕ) : Set where
  var : Fin n → Expr n
  id  : Expr n
  _⊕_ : Expr n → Expr n → Expr n

-- An environment contains one value for every variable.

Env : ℕ → Set _
Env n = Vec Carrier n

-- The semantics of an expression is a function from an environment to
-- a value.

⟦_⟧ : Expr n → Env n → Carrier
⟦ var x   ⟧ ρ = lookup ρ x
⟦ id      ⟧ ρ = ε
⟦ e₁ ⊕ e₂ ⟧ ρ = ⟦ e₁ ⟧ ρ ∙ ⟦ e₂ ⟧ ρ

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Normal forms

-- A normal form is a vector of multiplicities (a bag).

Normal : ℕ → Set
Normal n = Vec ℕ n

-- The semantics of a normal form.

⟦_⟧⇓ : Normal n → Env n → Carrier
⟦ []    ⟧⇓ _ = ε
⟦ n ∷ v ⟧⇓ (a ∷ ρ) = fold (⟦ v ⟧⇓ ρ) (a ∙_) n

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Constructions on normal forms

-- The empty bag.

empty : Normal n
empty = replicate _ 

-- A singleton bag.

sg : (i : Fin n) → Normal n
sg zero    =  ∷ empty
sg (suc i) =  ∷ sg i

-- The composition of normal forms.

_•_  : (v w : Normal n) → Normal n
[]      • []      = []
(l ∷ v) • (m ∷ w) = l + m ∷ v • w

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Correctness of the constructions on normal forms

-- The empty bag stands for the unit ε.

empty-correct : (ρ : Env n) → ⟦ empty ⟧⇓ ρ ≈ ε
empty-correct [] = refl
empty-correct (a ∷ ρ) = empty-correct ρ

-- The singleton bag stands for a single variable.

sg-correct : (x : Fin n) (ρ : Env n) →  ⟦ sg x ⟧⇓ ρ ≈ lookup ρ x
sg-correct zero (x ∷ ρ) = begin
    x ∙ ⟦ empty ⟧⇓ ρ   ≈⟨ ∙-congˡ (empty-correct ρ) ⟩
    x ∙ ε              ≈⟨ identityʳ _ ⟩
    x                  ∎
sg-correct (suc x) (m ∷ ρ) = sg-correct x ρ

-- Normal form composition corresponds to the composition of the monoid.

comp-correct : (v w : Normal n) (ρ : Env n) →
              ⟦ v • w ⟧⇓ ρ ≈ (⟦ v ⟧⇓ ρ ∙ ⟦ w ⟧⇓ ρ)
comp-correct [] [] ρ =  sym (identityˡ _)
comp-correct (l ∷ v) (m ∷ w) (a ∷ ρ) = lemma l m (comp-correct v w ρ)
  where
    flip12 : ∀ a b c → a ∙ (b ∙ c) ≈ b ∙ (a ∙ c)
    flip12 a b c = begin
        a ∙ (b ∙ c)  ≈⟨ sym (assoc _ _ _) ⟩
        (a ∙ b) ∙ c  ≈⟨ ∙-congʳ (comm _ _) ⟩
        (b ∙ a) ∙ c  ≈⟨ assoc _ _ _ ⟩
        b ∙ (a ∙ c)  ∎
    lemma : ∀ l m {d b c} (p : d ≈ b ∙ c) →
      fold d (a ∙_) (l + m) ≈ fold b (a ∙_) l ∙ fold c (a ∙_) m
    lemma zero zero p = p
    lemma zero (suc m) p = trans (∙-congˡ (lemma zero m p)) (flip12 _ _ _)
    lemma (suc l) m p = trans (∙-congˡ (lemma l m p)) (sym (assoc a _ _))

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Normalization

-- A normaliser.

normalise : Expr n → Normal n
normalise (var x)   = sg x
normalise id        = empty
normalise (e₁ ⊕ e₂) = normalise e₁ • normalise e₂

-- The normaliser preserves the semantics of the expression.

normalise-correct : (e : Expr n) (ρ : Env n) →
    ⟦ normalise e ⟧⇓ ρ ≈ ⟦ e ⟧ ρ
normalise-correct (var x)   ρ = sg-correct x ρ
normalise-correct id        ρ = empty-correct ρ
normalise-correct (e₁ ⊕ e₂) ρ =  begin

    ⟦ normalise e₁ • normalise e₂ ⟧⇓ ρ

  ≈⟨ comp-correct (normalise e₁) (normalise e₂) ρ ⟩

    ⟦ normalise e₁ ⟧⇓ ρ ∙ ⟦ normalise e₂ ⟧⇓ ρ

  ≈⟨ ∙-cong (normalise-correct e₁ ρ) (normalise-correct e₂ ρ) ⟩

    ⟦ e₁ ⟧ ρ ∙ ⟦ e₂ ⟧ ρ
  ∎

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- "Tactic.

open module R = Reflection
                  setoid var ⟦_⟧ (⟦_⟧⇓ ∘ normalise) normalise-correct
  public using (solve; _⊜_)

-- We can decide if two normal forms are /syntactically/ equal.

infix  _≟_

_≟_ : (nf₁ nf₂ : Normal n) → Dec (nf₁ ≡ nf₂)
nf₁ ≟ nf₂ = Dec.map Pointwise-≡↔≡ (decidable ℕ._≟_ nf₁ nf₂)
  where open Pointwise

-- We can also give a sound, but not necessarily complete, procedure
-- for determining if two expressions have the same semantics.

prove′ : (e₁ e₂ : Expr n) → Maybe (∀ ρ → ⟦ e₁ ⟧ ρ ≈ ⟦ e₂ ⟧ ρ)
prove′ e₁ e₂ =
  Maybe.map lemma (dec⇒weaklyDec _≟_ (normalise e₁) (normalise e₂))
  where
  lemma : normalise e₁ ≡ normalise e₂ → ∀ ρ → ⟦ e₁ ⟧ ρ ≈ ⟦ e₂ ⟧ ρ
  lemma eq ρ =
    R.prove ρ e₁ e₂ (begin
      ⟦ normalise e₁ ⟧⇓ ρ  ≡⟨ ≡.cong (λ e → ⟦ e ⟧⇓ ρ) eq ⟩
      ⟦ normalise e₂ ⟧⇓ ρ  ∎)

-- This procedure can be combined with from-just.

prove : ∀ n (e₁ e₂ : Expr n) → From-just (prove′ e₁ e₂)
prove _ e₁ e₂ = from-just (prove′ e₁ e₂)

-- prove : ∀ n (es : Expr n × Expr n) →
--         From-just (uncurry prove′ es)
-- prove _ = from-just ∘ uncurry prove′